How to Achieve Sales Target

How To Achieve Sales Targets Sales personnel often ask themselves how to achieve sales targets? Prospects are more savvy now when buying products and there is a wider choice of products in the market place. What can sales people do to achieve these targets? 1. Selling Is About The Value The Customer Gets Many sales people study very well the features and functions of the products and services that they sell. What is more important is to understand what value the product or service brings to the person who buys it. For a given product, different people buy it for their own unique reasons.It is therefore necessary to know what are the kinds of needs that the product or service serves. You can then find out the needs of the prospect first and then only present your product or service in the light of their requirements. This approach will not only help you close the sale with the prospect that you are dealing with. It will help to increase referral sales that you can get. 2. Serve Before Selling Sales people can be so focused on selling that they may not realize that this approach is normally seen as very aggressive by the prospect.To understand the prospect needs and to serve the prospect with no expectation of selling is actually proving to be a much more effective way of selling. Once you know the prospect needs, be generous about tips on how the person can meet their needs. One of the options, of course, is to use the product or service that you are selling. This approach is subtle and non-threatening. Even if the prospect did not buy, the chances that they will refer you to someone else is high. In addition, they may later decide to buy your product. So, do remember to give your contact details even if you do not make a sale. 3. Strategize And Follow Your StrategyWhen you are faced with a question of how to achieve sales targets, the first step must be to strategize. Without a strategy, you will be aimlessly going through actions not really knowing if you can achieve your target. Then, of course, follow your strategy. In following your strategy, monitor the results to check if your strategy is working the way you intended it to. If it does not, then it is time to evaluate and make adjustments based on your findings. This simply means that you have mini-targets and dates against which you track your progress. While strategies are high level, they are still not cast in concrete.It will be pointless pursuing a strategy that you realize is not making headway. 4. Develop A Plan Based On Your Strategy It is important that a strategy is converted into a working plan with dates and expected results or deliverables at each of these dates. In the event that other people are involved, clearly state who is accountable for each of these actions. Identifying results or deliverables is important as these will indicate if the actions have been successfully completed. Use these results and deliverables as a basis to make any adjustments to your action pl an or even to the strategy if required. . Enjoy The Journey Make sure that the whole process of achieving sales targets is an enjoyable journey for you. If you find that it is not, you may want to find ways of creating some fun along the way. There are people who use fun stationery when planning and tracking their work. Even strategizing can be fun when using colors and pictures. Mind maps are a great way to get your creative juices flowing. Another way will be to reward yourself not just at the end of achieving your objectives, but also at milestone achievements. These do not have to burn a hole in your pocket.While you could take a holiday at the end of the project, at milestone achievements, you might want to reward yourself with watching a movie or buying that new pair of shoes. It could even be as simple as having that ice cream only when you achieve the milestone. Steps on strategizing, planning, tracking and rewarding are common thoughts on how to be successful at sales. Add to this the concepts of serving before selling and the value you bring to the customer, and you will have a winning strategy on how to achieve your sales targets.

Data Abstraction

According to the Merriam-Webster online dictionary, the word abstract is defined as â€Å"disassociated from any specific instance† or â€Å"expressing a quality apart from an object†, or â€Å"having only intrinsic form with little or no attempt at pictorial representation or narrative content†.From these definitions, it can be possible to get an idea that to abstract an object implies something ethereal and nebulous, completely disjoint from a concrete instance of that object. In an idea reminiscent of Plato, the world can be separated into two things – the abstract idea and the concrete instance.Understanding the concept of the abstract data type or ADT is easier knowing the definitions of abstraction. An ADT is a representation of a concrete instance. Computers can only process ones or zeros and can only store long ones and zeros.However, in building programs a programmer might want to develop code that interacts or models real world objects or process es. ADTs are â€Å"invented† data types – data types that are modeled after the abstract idea of the concrete instance. An example is the string data type found in some programming languages.A computer cannot store a string (only ones and zeros) yet programmers can do operations on a string like concatenation (using the + operator) effortlessly as if the computer or compiler understands that the user is working with sentences.This brings to light an important concept when dealing with ADTs – the concept of information hiding. A compiler designer might engineer a programming language to handle strings in many ways. He may choose to use ASCII or EBCDIC, use 8 bits per character or a full 32 bit word, use little endian or big endian storage.All these choices are invisible to the user. All the developer needs to understand is that to concatenate strings uses a â€Å"+† operator. Indeed, for an abstracted data type to be functional the functionality of that da ta type should reflect that what that ADT represents independent of the implementation.The nitty gritty of its workings is hidden behind a wall called the interface. The interface (associated operations, properties, etc) is all that the programmer needs and should need to   know. A good wall is a prerequisite of good ADT design.So far the paper has discussed about ADTs as data types that represent an idea (such as a string) that is not natively supported by the hardware. A developer might also make his or her own ADTs through the use of data structures.A data structure is basically just an ordered way of organizing data. An example of a data structure is the struct in C, linked lists, and trees. A developer may choose to create one of these data structures in order to represent an abstract idea. He may choose to use a tree in order to represent a family tree.In designing user created ADTs, the concept of information hiding should still be remembered. The ADT should provide a const ant standard interface for every method or subroutine that chooses to call it. Additionally, it goes without saying that the data structure of choice should efficiently model the abstract idea it represents. Using a tree to represent genealogy is easier and makes more sense compared to using linked lists.A soda vending machine, even though it is quite simple is a good illustration of the many aspects of ADT design. The developer might need to store the types of sodas the machine is selling. As there is no â€Å"soda† data type, the programmer might use strings. When the machine vends, the machine should also know that there is one less soda in its storage.A programmer might then choose to implement the sodas as a stuct composed of one string (for the soda name) and an integer representing the number of soda cans left. When the customer presses a button corresponding to a soda, the soda name is displayed on the screen and the machine checks if there are still soda cans left.If there are cans left, the vend process continues through with the customer getting his soda (after payment of course) and the integer counter for the soda is decremented by one. However if the counter is of value zero already, the machine halts the operation and tells the customer to pick another soda.BibliographyCarrano, Frank, and Janet Prichard. Data Abstraction and Problem Solving with C++ Walls and Mirrors. 3rd ed. Boston: Addison-Wesley, 2001.Sedgewick, Robert. Algorithms in C. 3rd ed. Boston: Addison-Weslet, 1998.Sun Developer Network [Website], java.sun.com

Night World : Witchlight Chapter 4

Winnie's jaw dropped. â€Å"You-you-keep away from me!† Iliana said, and then she got another breath and started shrieking again. She had good lungs, Keller thought The shrieks were not only loud, they were piercing and pitched high enough to shatter glass. Keller's sensitive eardrums felt as if somebody were driving ice picks through them. â€Å"All of you!† Iliana said. She was holding out both hands to fend them off. â€Å"Just let me go! I want to go home!† Winnie's face cleared a little. â€Å"Yeah, I'll bet you do. But, you see, that place is dangerous. We're going to take you somewhere safe-â€Å" â€Å"You kidnapped me! Oh, God, I've been kidnapped. My parents aren't rich. What do you want?† Winnie looked at Keller for help. Keller was watching their prize Wild Power grimly. She was getting a bad feeling about this girl. ‘It's nothing like that.† She kept her voice quiet and level, trying to cut through the hysteria. â€Å"You-don't you even talk to me!† Iliana waved a hand at Keller desperately. â€Å"I saw. You changed. You were a monster! There was blood all over- you killed that man.† She buried her face in her hands and began to sob. â€Å"No, she didn't.† Winnie tried to put a hand on the girl's shoulder. â€Å"And anyway, he attacked me first.† â€Å"He did not. He didn't touch you.† The words were muffled and jerky. â€Å"He didn't touch me, no, but-† Winnie broke off, looking puzzled. She tried again. â€Å"Not with his hands, but-â€Å" In the front seat, Nissa shook her head slightly, amused. â€Å"Boss-â€Å" Tm way ahead of you,† Keller said grimly. This was going to be difficult. Iliana didn't even know that the dragon was the bad guy. All she had seen was a boy trying to talk with her, a girl inexplicably flying against a wall, and a panther that attacked unprovoked. Keller's head hurt. â€Å"I want to go home,† Iliana repeated. All at once, with surprising speed, she lunged for the door handle. It took Keller's animal reflexes to block her, and the movement sent another pang through her injured shoulder. Strangely, as it happened, pain seemed to flicker across Galen's face. He reached out and gently pulled Iliana back. â€Å"Please don't,† he said. â€Å"I know this is all really strange, but you've got it backwards. That guy who was talking to you-he was going to kill you. And Keller saved you. Now they want to take you somewhere safe and explain everything.† Diana raised her head and looked at him. She looked for a long time. Finally, she said, still almost whispering, â€Å"You're all right. I can tell.† Can she? Keller wondered. Does she see something in his eyes? Or does she just see that he's a handsome blond guy with long lashes? â€Å"So you'll go with her?† Galen asked. Iliana gulped, sniffed, and finally nodded. â€Å"Only if you go, too. And only for a little while. After that, I want to go home.† Winfrith's face cleared-at least slightly. Keller stopped guarding the door, but she wasn't happy. â€Å"Straight to the safe house, Boss?† Nissa asked, swinging the car back toward the freeway. Keller nodded grimly. She glanced at Galen. â€Å"You win.† She didn't have to say the rest. The girl would only go if he went. Which made him a member of the team. For the present. He smiled, very faintly. There was nothing smug in it, but Keller looked again. Nothing was going the way she'd planned. And Winnie might still have faith in her Witch Child, but Keller's doubts had crystallized. We are all, she thought, in very big trouble. And there was a dragon that might start looking for them at any minute. How fast did dragons recover, anyway? Big trouble, Keller thought. The safe house was a nondescript brick bungalow. Circle Daybreak owned it, and nobody in the Night World knew about it. That was the theory, anyway. The truth was that no place was safe. As soon as they had hidden the limo in an ivy-covered carport in back and Keller had made a phone call to Circle Daybreak headquarters, she told Winnie to set up wards around the house. â€Å"They won't be all that strong,† Winnie said. â€Å"But they'll warn us if something tries to get in.† She bustled around, doing witch things to the doors and windows. Nissa stopped Keller on her own trip of inspection. â€Å"We'd better look at your arm.† â€Å"It's all right.† â€Å"You can barely move it.† Til manage. Go look at Winnie; she hit that wall pretty hard.† â€Å"Winnie's okay; I already checked her. And, Keller, just because you're the team leader doesn't mean you have to be invulnerable. It's all right to accept help sometimes.† â€Å"We don't have time to waste on me!† Keller went back to the living room. She'd left Iliana in the care of Galen. She hadn't actually told him that, but she'd left them alone together, and now she found he'd gotten a root beer from the refrigerator and some tissues from the bathroom. Diana was sitting huddled on the couch, holding the drink and blotting her eyes. She jumped at every noise. â€Å"Okay, now I'm going to try to explain,† Keller said, pulling up an ottoman. Winnie and Nissa quietly took seats behind her. â€Å"I guess the first thing I should tell you about is the Night World. You don't know what that is, do you?† Iliana shook her head. â€Å"Most humans don't. It's an organization, the biggest underground organization in the world. It's made up of vampires and shapeshifters and witches-well, not witches now. Only a few of the darkest witches from Circle Midnight are still part of it. The rest of them have seceded.† â€Å"Vampires†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Iliana whispered. â€Å"like Nissa,† Keller said. Nissa smiled, a rare full smile that showed sharp teeth. â€Å"And Winnie is a witch. And you saw what I am. But we're all part of Circle Daybreak, which is an organization for everybody who wants to try to live together in peace.† â€Å"Most of the Night People hate humans,† Winnie said. â€Å"Their only laws are that you can't tell humans about the Night World and that you can't fall in love with them.† â€Å"But even humans can join Circle Daybreak,† Keller said. â€Å"And that's why you want me?† Iliana looked bewildered. â€Å"Well, not exactly.† Keller ran a hand over her forehead. â€Å"Look, the main thing you need to know about Circle Daybreak is what it's trying to do right now. What it's trying to keep from happening.† Keller paused, but there was no easy way to say it â€Å"The end of the world.† â€Å"The end of the world?† Keller didn't smile, didn't blink, just waited it out while Iliana sputtered, gasped, and looked at Galen for some kind of sanity. When she finally ran down, Keller went on. â€Å"The millennium is coming. When it gets here, a time of darkness is going to begin. The vampires want it to happen; they want the darkness to wipe out the human race. They figure that then they'll be in charge.† â€Å"The end of the world,† Iliana said. â€Å"Yes. I can show you the evidence if you want There are all sorts of things happening right now that prove it The world is falling into disorder, and pretty soon it's going to fall apart. But the reason we need you is because of the prophecies.† â€Å"I want to go home.† I bet you do, Keller thought. For a moment, she felt complete sympathy for the girl. â€Å"Like this.† She quoted: â€Å"Four to stand between the light and the shadow, Four of blue fire, power in their blood. Born in the year of the bund Maiden's vision; Four less one and darkness triumphs.† â€Å"I really don't know what you're talking about-â€Å" â€Å"Four Wild Powers,† Keller went on relentlessly. â€Å"Four people with a special gift, something nobody else has. Each one of them born seventeen years ago.If Circle Daybreak can get all four of them to work together-and only if Circle Daybreak can get them to work together-then we can hold off the darkness.† Iliana was shaking her head, edging away even from Galen. Behind Keller, Winnie and Nissa stood up, closing in. They faced her in a solid block, unified. â€Å"I'm sorry,† Keller said. â€Å"You can't escape it. You're part of it. You're a Wild Power.† â€Å"And you should be happy,† Winnie burst out, unable to contain herself any longer. â€Å"You're going to help save the world. You know that thing I did back in the Hallmark shop? With the orange fire?† She cupped her hands. â€Å"Well, you're full of blue fire. And that's so much stronger-nobody even knows what it can do.† Iliana put out her hands. â€Å"I'm sorry. I really am. But you guys are nuts, and you've got the wrong person. I mean, I don't know, maybe you're not completely nuts. The things that happened back at that store†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She stopped and gulped. â€Å"But I don't have anything to do with it.† She shut her eyes, as if that would bring the real world into focus. â€Å"I'm not any Wild Power,† she said more firmly. â€Å"I'm just a human kid-â€Å" â€Å"Actually, no,† Nissa said. â€Å"You're a lost witch,† Winnie cut in. â€Å"You're a Harmon. A Hearth-Woman. That's the most famous family of witches; they're like-they're royalty. And you're the most famous of all of them. You're the Witch Child. We've been waiting for you.† Keller shifted. â€Å"Winnie, maybe we don't need to tell her all of this right now.† But Winnie was racing on. â€Å"You're the one who's going to unite the shapeshifters and the witches. You're going to marry a prince of the shapeshifters, and then we're all going to be like this.† She held up two intertwined fingers. Iliana stared at her. â€Å"I'm only seventeen. I'm not marrying anybody.† â€Å"Well, you can do a promise ceremony; that's binding. The witches would accept it, and I think the shapeshifters would.† She glanced at Keller for confirmation. Keller pinched the bridge of her nose. â€Å"I'm just a grunt; I can't speak for the ‘shifters.† Winnie was already turning back to Iliana, her curls shaking with earnestness. â€Å"Really, you know,† she said, â€Å"it's incredibly important. Right now, the Night World is split. Vampires on one side, witches on the other. And the shapeshifters-well, they could go either way. And that's what could determine the battle.† â€Å"Look-â€Å" â€Å"The witches and the shapeshifters haven't been allies for thirty thousand-â€Å" â€Å"I don't care!† Full-blown hysteria. It was about as scary as a six-week-old kitten hissing, but it was the best raving Iliana could manage. Both her small fists were clenched, and her face and throat were flushed. â€Å"I don't care about the shapeshifters or the witches. I'm just a normal kid with a normal life, and I want to go home! I don't know anything about fighting. Even if I believed all this stuff, I couldn't help you. I hate PE; I'm totally uncoordinated. I get sick when I see blood. And-† She looked around and made an inarticulate sound of exasperation. â€Å"And I lost my purse.† Keller stood up. â€Å"Forget your purse.† â€Å"It had my mom's credit card in it. She's going to kill me if I come home without that. I just- where's my purse?† â€Å"Look, you little idiot,† Keller said. â€Å"Worry about your mother, not about her credit card.† Diana backed up a step. Even in the middle of a hysterical fit, she was beautiful beyond words. Strands of angel-fine hair stuck to her flushed, wet cheeks. Her eyes were dark as twilight, shadowed by heavy lashes-and they wouldn't quite meet Keller's. â€Å"I don't know what you mean.† â€Å"Yes, you do. Where's your mom going to be when the end of the world comes? Is a credit card going to save her then?† Iliana was in a corner now. Keller could hear both Nissa and Winnie making warning noises. She knew herself that this was the wrong way to get someone on their side. But patience wasn't one of Keller's great virtues. Neither was keeping her temper. â€Å"Let's see,† Galen said, and his voice was like cool water flowing through the room. â€Å"Maybe we could take a little break-â€Å" â€Å"I don't need advice from you,† Keller snapped. â€Å"And if this little idiot is too stupid to understand that she can't turn her back on this, we have to show her.† â€Å"I'm not an idiot!† â€Å"Then you're just a big baby? Scared?† Iliana sputtered again. But there was unexpected fire in her violet eyes as she did it. She was looking right at Keller now, and for a moment Keller thought that there might be a breakthrough. Then she heard a noise. Her ears picked it up before either Winnie's or Nissa's. A car on the street outside. â€Å"Company,† Keller said. She noticed that Galen had stiffened. Had he heard it? Winnie was moving to stand behind the door; Nissa slipped as quietly as a shadow to the window. It was dark outside now, and vampire eyes were good at night. â€Å"Blue car,† Nissa said softly. â€Å"Looks like them inside.† â€Å"Who?† Diana said. Keller gestured at her to be quiet. â€Å"Winnie?† â€Å"I have to wait until they cross the wards.† A pause, then she broke into a smile. â€Å"It's her!† â€Å"Who?† Iliana said. â€Å"I thought nobody was supposed to know we were here.† Good thinking. Logical, Keller thought. â€Å"This is someone I called. Someone who came all the way fromNevada and has been waiting to see you.† She went to the door. It took a few minutes for the people in the car to get out-they moved slowly. Keller could hear the crunch of footsteps and the sound of a cane. She opened the door. There was no light outside; the figures approaching were in shadow until they actually reached the threshold. The woman who stepped in was old. So old that anyone's first thought on first seeing her was How can she still be alive? Her skin was creased into what seemed like hundreds of translucent folds. Her hair was pure white and almost as fine as Diana's, but there wasn't much of it. Her already tiny figure was stooped almost double. She walked with a cane in one hand and the other tucked into the arm of a nondescript young man. But the eyes that met Keller's were anything but senile. They were bright and almost steely, gray with just the faintest touch of lavender. â€Å"The Goddess's bright blessings on you all,† she said, and smiled around the room. It was Winnie who answered. â€Å"We're honored by your presence-Grandma Harman.† In the background, Diana demanded plaintively for the third time, â€Å"Who?† â€Å"She's your great-great-aunt,† Winnie said, her voice quiet with awe. â€Å"And the oldest of the Harmans. She's the Crone of all the Witches.† Diana muttered something that might have been, â€Å"She looks like it.† Keller stepped in before Winnie could attack her. She introduced everyone. Grandma Harman's keen eyes flickered when Galen's turn came, but she merely nodded. â€Å"This is my apprentice and driver, Toby,† she told them. â€Å"He goes everywhere with me, so you can speak freely in front of him.† Toby helped her to the couch, and everyone else sat, too-except Diana, who stubbornly stayed in her corner. â€Å"How much have you told her?† Grandma Harman asked. â€Å"Almost everything,† Keller said. â€Å"And?† â€Å"She-isn't quite certain.† â€Å"I am certain,† Diana piped up. â€Å"I want to go home.† Grandma Harman extended a knobby hand toward her. â€Å"Come here, child. I want to take a look at my great-great-niece.† Tm not your great-great-niece,† Diana said. But with those steely-but-soft eyes fixed on her, she took one step forward. â€Å"Of course you are; you just don't know it. Do you realize, you're the image of my mother when she was your age? And I'll bet your great-grandmother looked like her, too.† Grandma Harman patted the couch beside her. â€Å"Come here. I'm not going to hurt you. My name is Edgith, and your great-grandmother was my little sister, Elspeth.† Diana blinked slowly. â€Å"Great-grandmother Elspeth?† â€Å"It was almost ninety years ago that I last saw her. It was just before the First World War. She and our baby brother, Emmeth, were separated from the rest of the family. We all thought they were dead, but they were being raised inEngland . They grew up and had children there, and eventually some of those children came toAmerica . Without ever suspecting their real heritage, of course. It's taken us a long time to track down their descendants.† Iliana had taken another involuntary step. She seemed fascinated by what the old woman was saying. â€Å"Mom always talked about Great-grandmother Elspeth. She was supposed to be so beautiful that a prince fell in love with her.† â€Å"Beauty has always run in our family,† Grandma Harman said carelessly. â€Å"Beauty beyond comparison, ever since the days of Hellewise Hearth-Woman, our foremother. But that isn't the important thing about being a Harman.† ‘It isn't?† Iliana said doubtfully. â€Å"No.† The old woman banged her cane. â€Å"The important thing, child, is the art Witchcraft. You are a itch, Iliana; it's in your blood. It always will be. And you're the gift of the Harmans in this last fight Now, listen carefully.† Staring at the far wall, she recited slowly and deliberately: â€Å"One from the land of kings long forgotten; One from the hearth which still holds the spark; One from the Day World where two eyes are watching; One from the twilight to be one with the dark.† Even when she had finished, the words seemed to hang in the air of the room. No one spoke. Diana's eyes had changed. She seemed to be looking inside herself, at something only she could see. It was as if deeply buried memories were stirring. â€Å"That's right,† Grandma Harman said softly. â€Å"You can feel the truth of what I'm telling you. It's all there, the instinct, the art, if you just let it come out. Even the courage is there.† Suddenly, the old woman's voice was ringing. â€Å"You're the spark in the poem, Iliana. The hope of the witches. Now, what do you say? Are you going to help us beat the darkness or not?†

HRM on International context Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

HRM on International context - Essay Example It can be noted that Germany labour systems have been characterised by collective agreements where the workers agree on collective bargaining instead of embarking on industrial action to press for more wages. However, the issue has been to test to see if MNCs and larger national fast food employers would respond to sectoral level bargaining as well as the extent of effectiveness of the German system of statutory employee representation in practice. Thus, the research mainly focused on these two groups of industries in Germany particularly McDonalds which has dominated the Germany food industry for many years and its labour relations practices. According to the research, the industrial relation in Germany are characterised by collective representation where industrial action is not advocated. Most unions are affiliated to the German Trade Union Federation (DGB) which by far is the largest and most important federation. In 2001 after mergers, there were six unions affiliated to DGB with the most important mergers taking place between service sector unions to form the new service workers union where the union representing the food, catering, drink and tobacco industries did not take part. Collective agreements negotiated at sectoral levels are legally binding but this excludes other companies in Germany. Focus in this case is on the fast food industry in Germany which broadly includes motorway service stations, retail sector restaurants and airport restaurants excluding hotels and other â€Å"leisure† sector. McDonalds tops the Germany food service sector in terms of turnover. Management at McDonalds believed that wor ks councils and collective agreements with unions would seriously undermine its system and this attracted criticism. However, the company later capitulated to pressure. However, the 1952/1972 and 1976 Acts do not apply to McDonalds because it has retained US registration in the state of Delaware. There are few

Disaster preparation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Dietary Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Research Paper

Dietary Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus - Research Paper Example Insulin resistance is relative, however, since supernormal levels of circulating insulin will normalize the plasma glucose. Insulin resistance impairs glucose utilization by insulin-sensitive tissues and increases hepatic glucose output; both effects contribute to the hyperglycemia. Increased hepatic glucose output predominantly accounts for increased FPG levels, whereas decreased peripheral glucose usage results in postprandial hyperglycemia. In skeletal muscle, there is a greater impairment in nonoxidative glucose usage than in oxidative glucose metabolism through glycolysis (Dyson 2002). Glucose metabolism in insulin-independent tissues is not altered in type 2 DM. Another emerging theory proposes that elevated levels of free fatty acids, a common feature of obesity, may contribute to the pathogenesis of type 2 DM. Free fatty acids can impair glucose utilization in skeletal muscle, promote glucose production by the liver, and impair beta cell function. Insulin secretion and sensitivity are interrelated. In type 2 DM, insulin secretion initially increases in response to insulin resistance to maintain normal glucose tolerance. There seems to be little doubt that diet plays a significant role in the development of type 2 diabetes. However, it has been remarkably difficult to pin down the precise dietary constituents that are the key players. The increased risk of diabetes with increasing intake of total fat has been reported (Pullen 2000). Therefore, in addition to other modalities of management, the current approach recommends dietary management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, the practice approaches are not clear and have not been distinctly enumerated, and there are different opinions regarding this. This dictates the need for evidence for implementing these evidences in practice (Cheyette 2005). Evidence is better available from research, and therefore, in this assignment, evidence from research will be sought through review of relevant literature. Consequently, a keyword based literature search was conducted, and the evidence of findings from this sorted literature from studies will be presented here in a systematic manner. Review of Literature Link (1999) indicated that of all possible dietary modifications, dietary management directed towards weight loss is the best documented intervention. He reports the findings from a number of trials where hypocaloric diets have been shown to substantially reduce blood glucose in the affected individuals, although the effect of weight loss may be a contributory factor. Temporary effects of caloric deprivation have also been considered in control of blood glucose levels. With a very low caloric diet of worth 330 calories per day for a period of 40 days has been reported to be causing a decrease in the level of blood glucose from 297 to 158 mg/dL. It is important to note that although most of the weight loss occurred in the last 30 days, 87% of the reduction of blood glucose would occur within the first 10 days of this dietary management. However, with the resumption of isocaloric feeding, the glucose gain would not persist, but the weight loss would be preserved indicating positive eff ects on control of

The Market Education Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Market Education - Assignment Example This essay stresses that the market plays a major role in ensuring that the force of demand is equivalent to that of supply. In the case of museums, museum visits represent demand, while the number of available museums and museum services represent the supply. In a market, there is the aspect of price mechanism, which involves an interaction between the buyers and sellers, in order to determine the market price. Nonetheless, the market price is determined by the supply and demand in the market. Therefore, when prices rise, the demand falls, and when the prices fall, the demand rises. On the other hand, the market equilibrium price is achieved when there is a balance between the force of supply and that of demand. In this case, there results a balance in production and consumption of goods and services. Prices in a market economy can act as an incentive to entice buyers to purchase more goods. This report makes a conclusion that a demographic demand pattern for museum visits mainly depends on various aspects. First, the type of museum determines the type of visitors visiting it. The season also influences the nature of visits and types of visitors. For instance, Art museums might have many visitors, who are older, while science centers might receive visits from younger visitors. Furthermore, like art museums, historic sites and history museums might have older visitors. On the other hand, children museums are known to have the youngest visitors, as compared to art museums, history museums, and science centers.... Nonetheless, the entry fee to museums might be determined, depending on the level of demand. Therefore, at peak periods, when there are many tourists and domestic visitors, museums will increase their entry fees. 3. Museum Visits and Demographic Demand Pattern A demographic demand pattern for museum visits mainly depends on various aspects. First, the type of museum determines the type of visitors visiting it. Additionally, the season also influences the nature of visits and types of visitors. For instance, Art museums might have many visitors, who are older, while science centers might receive visits from younger visitors. Furthermore, like art museums, historic sites and history museums might have older visitors. On the other hand, children museums are known to have the youngest visitors, as compared to art museums, history museums, and science centers (Museum Audience Insight Web). 4. Shifts in Demand and Supply in Museum Visits Demand and supply with regard to museums is influenc ed by different factors. First, the national economy influences both the demand and supply of museum visits. During periods of recession, the amount of museum visits will decrease considerably (American Alliance of Museums Web). This is because, the purchasing power of consumers decrease, thus their spending on leisure and culture also decreases. The second aspect is that of entry or admission fee to museums. When the entry fee is increased, the demand will go down, but when the entry fee is lowered, the demand will increase, thus more museum visits. It can also be argued that the interest of people in their culture influences the demand in this market. The more interested people

Influence on the dependent variables Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Influence on the dependent variables - Essay Example confounding variables, they can influence the validity of the research findings thus the researcher needs to come up with ways to attempt to control the extraneous variables. Firstly, the researchers’ points out some of the variables those are most likely to have influence on the dependent variable (Keele, 2015). This approach is based on researcher’s common sense, experience as well as his or her simple logic reasoning. For instance, it is evident that a noisy, busy room has a lot of distractions that lower the level of performance as to the contrary of a quiet place. In this case, noise is the extraneous variable, and it can be controlled from turning into a confounding variable. Other researchers hold the extraneous variable constant by employing approaches that create a standardized surrounding and procedure. This approach ensures that all variables are the same in each condition thereby they cannot turn into confounding variables. Other ways that researcher’ do use to attempt to control the extraneous variables in experiments include the random assignment approach and the control technique of matching. Under the random assignment approach, the researcher starts with a particular group of participants whereby these participants get assigned to groups randomly (Wood & Kerr, 2014). This only means that the researcher tries to avoid the extraneous variables for making the decision on how participants get fit to different groups. Similarly, the control technique of matching enables the researcher on deciding the variables that he or she wants to use in equating the groups on thereby avoiding the extraneous variables from turning into confounding variables. To conclude, it is important to control the extraneous variables from turning into confounding variables when conducting any research. Once the extraneous variables have been figured out it is of much important to perform a meta-analysis to find a way of adjusting these

Monitoring and Controlling Project Deliverables Essay

Monitoring and Controlling Project Deliverables - Essay Example There are many differences between physical security, and information security. Information security is concept that entangles most aspects of the society, majorly because of the ubiquitous adoption of computing technology in the modern world. In our daily lives, we use computers at work place for our employers, play on computers in homes, study online, do business, and check emails, and so on. The level of development in the modern world has greatly improved especially with the increased rate of innovation, and growing technology. Everyone in the modern world is impressed at how the level of technology is increasing so fast because they benefit from it in very many different ways (Matford & Whitman, 2012). Owing to the fact that most people have the urge to make things easier in the modern world, everyone is turning towards the direction of Information technology because online seems to be the future of everyone, and everything. The web is viewed as the future of most activities in the world today since currently it serves as a very useful tool even though it also has some intimidating proposition. Although technology enables more productivity and allows access to much information, it also carries a lot of security issues. Employers preserve information about their companies, employees, and other important documents on the computer systems. Banks also store vital information on money transaction between them, and other clients. One of the most common challenges in the modern technology world is hacking, and piracy. When someone hacks information about a company, then this leaves the company in danger of either breaking down or losing credibility from the public that it serves because this interferes with its reputation, and competitors can take advantage of this situation. Employers can lose millions of dollars, and suffer damage of reputation, face legal

I believe that using technology is a good way to improve our student's Research Paper

I believe that using technology is a good way to improve our student's literacy my Phenomenon - Research Paper Example Writing on keyboard allows an individual room to make spelling mistakes, because they automatically get notified, thus allowing the individual to totally concentrate upon ideas and their interpretation into words. (Schacter) has analyzed five largest and two small scale studies to analyze the effect of technology upon education. As a result of the analysis, Schacter found that the various types of technologies studied in the selected studies that included but were not limited to the computer assisted education, collaborated networked technology, and integrated learning systems technology had positive impact upon the achievement of students in general. Nevertheless, there were special conditions in which technology was found to have no or adverse impact upon education and achievement. For example, the technology is of no use when the objectives of learning are unclear, and some people tend to pay more attention towards technology than education, which makes the attainment of education a secondary goal when it should actually be primary. The research emphasizes that maximum use of technology can be made by clear identification of learning goals, and improvement of the learning environment. There is a well constructed article upon the negative effects of the use of technology in classroom education written by Julia Klaus. (Klaus) has asserted that negative effects may result from the use of technology in classroom if it is used inappropriately. Three potential adverse effects have been identified that are wastage of time in setting the technology or making students skilled in its handling and use, overuse of technology, and promotion of game mentality. Justification of Evidence: The book by (Thompson et al) provides a lot of evidence in support of my point of view that considers technology a means of improving special students’ literary skills. The book is quite relevant to the subject under consideration in that it offers a thorough and comprehensive expla nation of the numerous ways in which computer aided education improves the special students’ reading and writing skills. If we are to judge the role of technology in the education of students, nothing can be better than studying its effects upon the tendency of special students to gain education. Special students are students with disabilities. They are exposed to more challenges than normal students in the attainment of education. Thus, if technology works for them, it definitely does for normal students as well. This is the reason why I selected this book for analyzing this matter. The authors have made a thorough analysis of all potential areas that may be cause of problem in the attainment of appropriate literary skills. Thompson et al first identify the responsibilities of educators, followed by common literacy problems experienced by the students with disabilities. I considered this document worthy of selection for analysis because it covers five of the largest research es ever pertaining to the technological education in addition to two smaller scale researches. The studies are not only the largest but also quite diverse in their sample sizes, heterogeneity of sample and the areas of investigation. After conducting the thorough

Constitutional and Administrative Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Constitutional and Administrative Law - Essay Example An example is the legislation in the UK popularly known as the Civil Partnership Act of 2005 to protect the minority gay community from discrimination (Spilsbury, 2008). Under this act, it is stipulated that couples of the same sex have the same rights and privileges as those of heterosexual couples with regard to child adoption as well as other family rights and therefore they can choose to acquire children provided legal processes are followed (Spilsbury, 2008). This is essential especially due to the fact that every person desires to have children whom they can share their love and wealth with. As it is known, it is biologically impossible for persons of the same sex to produce children of their own and since these marriages are recognized by law, the same law should not deny them of their rights. In the case of Martin and Neil, it is important to note that this act was active during the time when they adopted their child and as such, they acted within the law. It is also necessary to note that the act of 2005 cannot be amended without a majority vote of 75% of the House of Commons, and a similar vote in the House of Lords. It is therefore unfair , based on this, for the two houses to revoke the act in the year 2010 by a simple majority of 51% and 52% without considering the social implications it would have on the affected families who may have adopted children within the two years prior to the new act. However, it is important for Martin and Neil to understand that the UK parliament is the supreme organ in the land with legislative powers that can not be challenged by any other political or judicial organ (Young, 2008). Having this supremacy means that it can decide to make new laws or amend the existing ones regarding any issue which may come to its attention and neither the courts nor any other group or individual can override the legislation once it

Jet Airways Essay Example for Free

Jet Airways Essay Naresh Goyal, who already owned JetAir (Private) Limited (which provided sales and marketing for foreign airlines in India) took advantage of this opportunity by setting up Jet Airways as a fullservice scheduled airline that would give competition to state-owned Indian Airlines. Indian Airlines had enjoyed a monopoly in the domestic market between 1953, when all major Indian air transport providers were nationalised under the Air Corporations Act (1953), and January 1994, when the Air Corporations Act was repealed, following which Jet Airways received scheduled airline status. Jet Airways’ 45 destinations include most of the big cities in India. International destinations include Kathmandu, Colombo, Singapore, Kuala Lumpur, Londons Heathrow Airport, Bangkok, Brussels and Newark. Jet Airways was the first private airline in India to fly to international destinations. It started international operations in March 2004 between Chennai and Colombo after it had been cleared by the Government of India to operate scheduled services to international destinations. MACRO ENVIRONMENT FACTORS: Economic Economic environment of India and world affects the airline industry to a great extent. Factors like fluctuations in global fuel prices, exchange rates, slowdown etc have varying impact on the way Jet Airways has been operating in this sector. One of the most important aspect that has greatly affected the worlds transportation system is the high fuel price. Besides high taxes, jet fuel prices have become costlier than crude oil prices which have greatly affected the bottom-line for many airlines including Jet Airways. State taxes on ATF available through government agencies vary between 4% and 30%, making the fuel 30% to 50% costlier than the global average. In Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, West Bengal, Maharashtra and Himachal Pradesh the cess is 25% or higher. The three listed airline companies – Jet Airways, Kingfisher and SpiceJet – all of which reported losses in the quarter ending December 2011, blamed rising ATF cost for their bad financial performance. In February 2012, the Centre gave a nod to direct import of ATF on a case-to-case basis But once airlines start importing ATF, traffic at the countrys congested ports is likely to increase, making matters worse for exporters and importers. Airlines will also have to factor in the cost of transporting ATF from the various ports in the country to airports around the country, something which could eventually lead to increase in the ATF cost. Jet Airways in its financial report has also indicated the losses that it has incurred due to rupee depreciation. It has been reported that revenue from exceptional items decreased by 61% from Rs. 18,919 lakhs in Fiscal 2011 to Rs. 7,319 lakhs in Fiscal 2012 mainly on account of depreciation of the Rupee against the Dollar in the current year. Even in the past Jet Airways has experienced slowdown because of global recession. In 2008 during recession, Jet Airways was forced to discontinue the following routes: Ahmedabad–London, Amritsar–London, Bangalore–Brussels and Mumbai–Shanghai– San Francisco. It also had to put an indefinite delay on its expansion plans. Naresh Goyal, Jet Airways promoter is unable to put in more funds via his holding company due to FDI restrictions. He holds 80% in Jet Airways through Tailwinds. He claims NRI status, where 100% ownership is allowed. However, Goyal’s investment is via Tailwinds, which is considered FDI by the Indian government. Tailwinds is registered in the Isle of Man. In India, only 49% FDI investment is permissible in aviation. Airline business is a complicated one and only airlines would be interested in investing domestic carriers. The government is looking at allowing foreign airlines to invest in domestic carriers but there would be no change in FDI cap of 49%. In this 49%, currently foreign airlines are not allowed to participate. So if this change happens then there would be inflow of funds from foreign airlines. The announcement of ECB (External Commercial Borrowing) with a limit $1 billion in the Budget 2012 will also give some relief to debt ridden airline companies. Shareholding Naresh Goyal 80% FII 6. 7% DII 7% Public hold 6. 3% Social The backbone of the airline industry is people. Individuals in the management, technical and crew are responsible for undertaking the task of serving their customers with utmost care and excellence. These individuals are trained and tailored to the industrys needs before they are allowed to work. They need to meet certain standards of service and technical knowledge designed to satisfy the customers. For this reason the players invest millions of dollars to improve the knowledge of their workers. Jet Airways plans to set up a marketing services firm and launch an aviation training academy, with a total investment of Rs 1 crore. The proposal is, however, subjected to regulatory approvals, including those from the Foreign Investment Promotion Board and the Reserve Bank of India. The proposed academy would be based in Mumbai and offer certificate courses in in-flight services, ticket reservation and check-in services, according to a brochure brought out for the institute. Operations in the northeast are guided by the governments Route Dispersal Guidelines (RDG) which entails that all Indian carriers fly to the northeast and other remote parts of the country, more so as a social obligation. After posting a loss of Rs 298 crore in the last quarter, Jet Airways has sought government clearance to scale down its flights to the northeastern region by about half to stem the losses. Technological Technological factors in macroenvironment are the most dramatic forces in changing the market place. They help the business to create new products and harness new opportunities. Jet Airways makes strategic use of the latest technology to interact with passengers at a global level. Its significant presence on social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, YouTube and Flickr ensures increase in awareness and reach of the company brand. The companys growth on the social media networking platform has been noteworthy registering an exponential increase in the number of followers and fans on Twitter and Facebook. In the coming year, the Company aims to introduce state-of-the-art mobile applications for Android, iPhone, BlackBerry and Windows mobile phones. These applications will provide passengers with a convenient and seamless option to book tickets, check-in, access their JetPrivilege account etc. using their mobile phones. Additionally, the Company intends to commence the use of 2D Mobile Bar-coded boarding passes for guests who have checked-in for their flights, thus providing a paperless travel experience. Political In India, one can never over-look the political factors which influence each and every industry existing in the country. Like it or not, the political interference has to be present everywhere. Given below are a few of the political factors with respect to the airline industry: The airline industry is very susceptible to changes in the political environment. One instance of Government Policy resulting in great uncertainty is the fact that the Indian Government has not allowed foreign airlines to participate in FDI in aviation as yet. So the airline industry, which is currently facing draught of funds can still not expect foreign players to chip in. International airlines are greatly affected by trade relations that their country has with others. Unless governments of the two countries trade with each other, there could be restrictions of flying into particular area leading to a loss of potential air traffic (e. g. Pakistan India) Political factors can also affect the day-to-day working of the airline industry. For instance, in 2009, Jet Airways announced plans to lay-off 1800 employees that were undergoing probation with the Company. What happened was a PR disaster for the Airline. First the laid off employees suddenly became socialist in their approach and later went a step further managing to politicize the whole matter by seeking support from MNSs Raj Thackeray. Other parties and sundry ministers then followed the suit and jumped into the bandwagon, until the Jet Management had to revert the decision and ask laid off employees to join the duty back. Legal and Regulatory Operating in a cross border network of alliances and partnerships, multinational companies like Jet airways are subject to international and national regulations in terms of assignment of routes and destinations; international aviation regulations; partners legal standing as well as local laws. These constraints not only leave little room for airlines to operate but are also the sources for its highly efficient value chain. Another aspect is industrial relations. Personnel in the airlines industry from pilots to cabin crew to technicians everyone work in the capacity and provisions given by the laws prevalent globally. For this reason, everyone is cognizant of their rights to legal aid if required. Since most of the airline personnel in the world have associations and unions they tend to have an upper hand over management. The management therefore has to comply with their demands if it is within the capacity of the law Not only is this but the airlines also subject to strict safety, hygiene and efficient regulations. Airlines that do not deliver services according to international standards do not only lose out in the competition but are also subjected to aviation penalties. The principal regulatory authority that regulates the civil aviation sector in India is the Director General of Civil Aviation, or DGCA. To operate scheduled services in India, an airline requires an operating permit from the DGCA. This permit is required to be renewed on a year-to-year basis. An airline incorporated in India and operating scheduled services is also required to register all its aircraft with the DGCA, save and except aircraft which are wet leased. On July 10 2012 aviation regulator E K Bharat Bhushan was abruptly removed from his key position in the backdrop of his tough stance against debt-ridden Kingfisher Airlines over its failure to pay salaries to its employees. Newly-appointed chief of the Directorate-General of Civil Aviation Prashant Sukul on 13th July 2012 asked all airlines to strictly adhere to prescribed safety standards. Demographics Indian aviation industry promises huge growth potential due to large and growing middle class population, favorable demographics, rapid economic growth, higher disposable incomes, rising aspirations of the middle class, and overall low penetration levels (less than 3%). Few prominent factors we need to look at from demographics perspective: Working age population India is blessed with a young and growing population. India has amongst the best demographic ratio globally and this would continue to improve over next three to four decades. As compared to children and elderly, a relatively higher percentage of the earning population travels by air to save working hours and for business. The rising proportion of people of working age also implies higher disposable income as pressure on household for the needs of dependent children elderly comes down. Both the above factors along with a growing working age population would lead to higher demand for air travel. Exploding Middle Class McKinsey Global Institute (MGI) predicts that the India’s middle class will reach 583 million from the current 50 million by 2025. With this exploding middle class the demand for air travel is bound to go up in a unidirectional way. Nuclear families increase Increasing VFR (Visiting Friends and Relatives) Travel The traditional ‘joint-family’ system in India is rapidly breaking up. With increasing expenses and with more people migrating to cities for work, people are increasingly opting for nuclear and small families. This trend of smaller families has also bought a change to their lifestyles, with friends relatives visiting more frequently and families taking more vacations – implying greater frequency of travel. Air travel is finding a growing proportion of this additional travel, with smaller families making air travel for the entire family more affordable. Increasing Employment Growing employment means higher disposable income, more business travel and higher opportunity cost of travel time. All these contribute to higher demand for air travel. Increasing Leisure Travel Tourism accounts only for 2. 5% of India’s GDP, versus 6% in Asia Pacific and 5. 3% in China. However this ratio is fast changing with India emerging amongst the fast growing tourism destinations in the world.

Theories for the Evolution of Alarm Calls

Theories for the Evolution of Alarm Calls Alarm Call Evolution: Altruism or Kin Selection? Taylor Rystrom Introduction Humans have always been fascinated by animal communication. One important manifestation of animal communication is alarm calls. Alarm calls, even functionally referential alarm calls, can be observed across many different species. Prairie dogs give alarm calls specific even to the shirt color that a nearby human is wearing (Slobodchikoff 2009). Male blue monkeys give alarm calls that are specific to predator type, distance, and location (Murphy et al. 2013). Even African elephants, who have relatively few predators, give alarm calls when they hear the sound of bees (King et al. 2010). But why did these alarm calls, a seemingly altruistic act, evolve in so many different animal groups? How did some get so specific? Sherman lays out six interesting theories of the evolution of alarm calls. Alarm calls could have evolved to divert the attention of the predator, discourage the predator, alert relatives of the caller, help the group which the caller resides in, reduce the later return of the predator, or warn others who will reciprocating at a later time (Sherman 1977). The main findings have suggested that alarm calls have either evolved as an altruistic act, possibly with reciprocity among the group, or as a mechanism to protect kin (Trivers 1971, Sherman 1977). As for functionally referential alarm calls, meaning that the alarm calls encode specific information about the predator, evolution has been suggested as a response to the need for different escape methods from different predators due to the habitat of the group (Furrer and Manser 2009). Altruism Theory Although Koenig (1988) points out that there is no commonly accepted definition of altruism in behavioral ecology (Koenig 1988), it can be explained for the purposes of this review as an act that has a cost to the individual and a benefit for others. Reciprocal altruism, which Trivers argues to be present in alarm-calling birds (Trivers 1971), would be a type of altruism which benefits the individual only when another party reciprocates the act toward the first individual (Koenig 1988). Trivers suggests that alarm calling in birds is reciprocal altruism because alarm calling keeps predators from specializing on the location and species of the caller (Trivers 1971). However, Koenig points out that reciprocal altruism is still speculative in birds (Koenig 1988). Furthermore, it is unlikely; if alarm calling is altruistic and natural selection acted on the individual that had the novel gene for alarm calling, the animal would have no increase in fitness, the gene would not spread, and t he trait would not evolve (Charnov and Krebs 1975). This being said, if alarm calling is an altruistic behavior, it must have evolved because of some benefit to the caller (Charnov and Krebs 1975). One speculation is that an alarm call could encode the presence of a predator but leave out the location of the predator, thus causing confusion of the dispersal of the flock while the caller knew exactly how to escape the predator (Charnov and Krebs 1975). However, it has been found that male blue monkeys can in fact encode the predator distance and location, thereby giving all immediate information to their conspecifics (Murphy 2013). Problems arise in this theory when specific species of birds are studied more closely. The alarm calls of one species of jay, the Siberian jay, were closely analyzed due to the nature of the groups of this species of jay. In this species, the jays live in social groups comprised of one dominant breeding pair, their offspring, and sometimes non-related immigrant birds (Griesser and Ekman 2004). If alarm calling is altruistic in this species, the dominant breeding pair would call whenever a predator is nearby, regardless of whether they were with immigrants or kin (Griesser and Ekman 2004). However, the results showed that females called only during the breeding season while their kin was present, while males called indiscriminately (Griesser and Ekman 2004). This raises further questions about the intentions of males; do they call indiscriminately to selfishly protect future mates or to dilute a predator attack by providing benefits to immigrants in the group to reduce the caller†™s chance of being attacked? Willow tits also give alarm calls, but Hogstad (1995) suggests that this is a form of mate investment and evolved for this purpose. Males are dominant and breeding pairs last for several years, so if a female dies, especially during the winter, the male partner will likely be unpaired the following breeding season (Hogstad 1995). Adult willow tit males gave alarm calls more frequently when they could see their mates than when they could not; this implies that alarm calling for this species is primarily a form of mate investment (Hogstad 1995). Since the benefit of having a mate the following season is fairly large for a male willow tit, this is not an altruistic act. Studies regarding animals other than birds suggest that alarm calling is not an altruistic act. Alarm calling would only be categorized as altruistic if the calling was costly to the caller in some way (Koenig 1988). Round-tailed squirrels only give alarm calls when they are already retreating, thus not endangering themselves (Dunford 1977). Marmots do not reduce their own chances of survival because they rarely call when exposed to predators, and their calls are acoustically difficult to detect by predators (Barash 1975). There is no real threat to either of these species when they give alarm call, thus destroying the option of alarm calling being altruistic. Furthermore, yellow-bellied marmots can identify who produced an alarm call and will ignore calls after many false alarms (Blumstein and Daniel 2004). Although this seems to support the hypothesis for reciprocal altruism since identification of false callers is important for the reciprocity, there are no known cases of which ro dents take turns calling. Kin Selection Theory The kin selection theory requires that kin be nearby when alarm calls are given for the function of alerting kin of danger. Kin selection is not altruistic because protecting offspring and other kin is a way to protect the future of one’s own genes. The evolution of alarm calls due to kin selection is definitely dependent on the social system of the species. Belding’s ground squirrels have a social system where females generally stay in their natal territory their whole lives and males are polygynous, do not defend any mates or offspring, and emigrate from their natal territory alone, constantly moving after they mate (Sherman 1977). Sherman (1977) found through an extensive observational study that females call frequently when relatives are nearby and do not call at all when they have no living kin; meanwhile, males rarely call. In another study regarding ground squirrels, Dunford (1977) found that males do sometimes call – but this is only when they are juvenil es and their mother and siblings are near. Sherman (1977) hypothesized that the function of alarm calling is nepotism, and that the evolution of this behavior is due to kin selection. Similar results are found with Gunnison’s prairie dogs (Hoogland 1996). Females with kin in the same territory called more often than females who did not have nearby kin. This species has a slightly different social system than Belding’s ground squirrels. Males guard 3-4 females and move between adjacent territories, and it was observed that males give alarm calls regardless of whether or not they had kin in the territory (Hoogland 1996). It is likely that the males had kin in adjacent territory, so these kin could theoretically be close enough to benefit from an alarm calls. These prairie dogs assess their own personal safety before calling, as they are more likely to call if they are farther from the danger (Hoogland 1996). Previously it had been found that male Black-tailed prairie dogs only give alarm calls only after they sire offspring in the territory (Hoogland 1983). These studies show extreme support for the hypothesis that alarm calls evolved as a form of sele cting for kin. A study on chipmunk alarm call behavior offers support that there could be a reciprocal altruism component to the maintenance of alarm calling in the species (Smith 1978). This is because they are one of few species in which all members of the group can and do give alarm calls (Smith 1978). Although kin selection was most likely the basis for the evolution of the behavior since older females with many nearby daughters give the most alarm calls (Smith 1978), it is interesting that both seemingly opposing hypotheses can work together. When yellow-bellied marmots call, the spotted predators almost always leave. However, not all of these marmots call. Blumstein and Armitage (1975) found that the calling is generally a safe activity for these marmots so there is not much cost associated with alarm calls. Their hypothesis is that some individuals do not call because they are trying to reduce reproductive competition (Blumstein and Armitage 1975). Females are the most likely to call, and only when they have vulnerable young. So if another female refrains from calling when she spots a threat, she will reduce the competition for her young since the most vulnerable are the young which are ignorant to the threat (Blumstein and Armitage 1975). Further Extensions and Conclusions There are also factors which affect the complexity of alarm calls, including the level of sociality and habitat composition of species. Sociality and communicative complexity were compared across three different sciurid rodents, and only in marmots did communicative complexity increase with sociality; there was no correlation for prairie dogs or squirrels (Blumstein and Armitage 1997). This implies that alarm repertoire size has many factors, such as facial and laryngeal morphology and habitat acoustics (Blumstein and Armitage 1997). Habitat could influence the evolution of functionally referential alarm calls because if different escape routes are needed for different predators due to the physical nature of the habitat, then it would be beneficial to your survival to have different alarm calls for each type of predator to streamline the escape (Furrer and Manser 2009). However, this hypothesis is not completely supported by data. In Gunnison’s prairie dogs, the habitat does i nfluence the alarm calls; they have been found to change their alarm call dialects for different levels of vegetation cover (Perla and Slobodchikoff 2002). However, meerkats and Cape ground squirrels live in the same habitat yet only meerkats have functionally referential alarm calls; thus habitat does not have a profound influence on the evolution of functionally referential alarm calls (Furrer and Manser 2009). The continuing evolution of alarm calls into more complex communication like functionally referential alarm calls is an important angle of study. How much of alarm call behavior is learned? Female Campbell’s monkeys produce three alarm calls in the wild but only two in captivity, one of which is not observed in the wild (Oattara et al. 2009). This implies that the capacity for alarm calling evolves, but not fully utilized if not needed. This study also suggests that in order for alarm call behavior to be expressed in a population, the threat of predation must be large. Since captive monkeys do not have predators, they have lost vocalizations associated with this danger (Oattara et al. 2009). The evolution of alarm calls is no simple matter. When factoring in the specific ecology of each species studied to give alarm calls, it all comes down to each species’ life history. It makes sense evolutionarily for a species which live in social groups comprised of kin and non-related individuals to call to warn kin, and if only females live near kin, for females to predominantly call. However, if a species lives in a different type of social group, alarm calling does not necessarily have to function as a way to warn kin. Alarm calling in species of many different types of social groups should be studied in regards to the hypotheses offered by Sherman (1977) in order to find support for other evolutionary drivers as well as reciprocal altruism and kin selection. Literature Cited Barash, David P. Marmot Alarm-Calling and the Question of Altruistic Behavior.American Midland Naturalist94.2 (1975): 468. Print. Blumstein, Daniel T. The Evolution of Functionally Referential Alarm Communication: Multiple Adaptations; Multiple Constraints.Evolution of Communication3.2 (1999): 135-47. Print. Blumstein, Daniel T., and Janice C. Daniel. Yellow-bellied Marmots Discriminate between the Alarm Calls of Individuals and Are More Responsive to Calls from Juveniles.Animal Behaviour68.6 (2004): 1257-265. Print. Blumstein, Daniel T., and Kenneth B. Armitage. Does Sociality Drive the Evolution of Communicative Complexity? A Comparative Test with Groundà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Dwelling Sciurid Alarm Calls.The American Naturalist150.2 (1997): 179-200.JSTOR. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. Blumstein, Daniel T., and Kenneth B. Armitage. Why Do Yellow-bellied Marmots Call?Animal Behaviour56 (1998): 1053-055.JSTOR. Web. 1 Mar. 2014. Charnov, Eric L., and John R. Krebs. The Evolution of Alarm Calls: Altruism or Manipulation?The American Naturalist109.965 (1975): 107-12.JSTOR. Web. 15 Mar. 2014. Dunford, Christopher. Kin Selection for Ground Squirrel Alarm Calls.The American Naturalist111.980 (1977): 782. Print. Furrer, RomanD., and MartaB. Manser. The Evolution of Urgencyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Based and Functionally Referential Alarm Calls in Groundà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Dwelling Species.The American Naturalist173.3 (2009): 400-10. Print. Griesser, Michael, and Jan Ekman. Nepotistic Alarm Calling in the Siberian Jay, Perisoreus Infaustus.Animal Behaviour67 (2004): 933-39.Science Direct. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. Hogstad, Olav. Alarm Calling by Willow Tits, Parus Montanus, as Mate Investment.Animal Behaviour49.1 (1995): 221-25. Print. Hoogland, John L. Nepotism and Alarm Calling in the Black-tailed Prairie Dog (Cynomys Ludovicianus).Animal Behaviour31.2 (1983): 472-79. Print. Hoogland, John L. Why Do Gunnisons Prairie Dogs Give Anti-predator Calls?Animal Behaviour51.4 (1996): 871-80. Print. King, Lucy E., Joseph Soltis, Iain Douglas-Hamilton, Anne Savage, and Fritz Vollrath. Bee Threat Elicits Alarm Call in African Elephants. Ed. Karen Mccomb.PLoS ONE5.4 (2010): E10346. Print. Koenig, Walter D. Reciprocal Altruism in Birds: A Critical Review.Ethology and Sociobiology9.2-4 (1988): 73-84. Print. Murphy, Derek, Stephen E.g. Lea, and Klaus Zuberbà ¼hler. Male Blue Monkey Alarm Calls Encode Predator Type and Distance.Animal Behaviour85.1 (2013): 119-25. Print. Ouattara, Karim, Klaus Zuberbà ¼hler, Eliezer K. Ngoran, Jean-Emile Gombert, and Alban Lemasson. The Alarm Call System of Female Campbells Monkeys.Animal Behaviour78.1 (2009): 35-44. Print. Perla, Bianca S., and C. N. Slobodchikoff. Habitat Structure and Alarm Call Dialects in Gunnison’s Prairie Dog (Cynomys Gunnisoni).Behavioral Ecology13.6 (2002): 844-50.Oxford Journals. Web. 6 Feb. 2014. Sherman, P. W. Nepotism and the Evolution of Alarm Calls.Science197.4310 (1977): 1246-253. Print. Slobodchikoff, C. N., Andrea Paseka, and Jennifer L. Verdolin. Prairie Dog Alarm Calls Encode Labels about Predator Colors.Animal Cognition12.3 (2009): 435-39. Print. Smith, Stephen F. Alarm Calls, Their Origin and Use in Eutamias Sonomae.Journal of Mammalogy59.4 (1978): 888. Print. Trivers, Robert L. The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism.The Quarterly Review of Biology46.1 (1971): 35. Print.

Employers Responsibility For Health And Safety

Employers Responsibility For Health And Safety Examine how an employers responsibility for ensuring health and safety of employees has changed in the transition from industrial to post- industrial systems and consider how stress, depressive disorders and harassment have become increasingly significant issues in the context of labour protection. Introduction In modern era belief of every organization is to provide safer working place in comparison with past industrial period. It means workers can do work at minimize risk and as concluded it is clear that most of the regulations regarding this concern is redundant. International Labour Organization (ILO) and World Health Organization (WHO) has stated that maximum degree of physical, mental and social welfare of employees has promoted and maintained by health and safety measure at work in every sectors of an economy: by providing better working conditions to employees will be the cause of securing changing from one place to another by workers because health related problems., securing employees from various factors those are able to put negative impact upon health, provide adequate work environment by which an employee can adjust him or herself in terms of physiological and psychological abilities to employees and precise how employees can adjust according to nature of work and job. In the context of Union complete explanation has been presented regarding this concern of Health and Safety that covers topic of minimizing the condition of accidents on work place and anticipation of disease for the purpose promotes welfare of employees. In the Article 153(1 and 2) TFEU presents the capability of European Union to intercede regarding this particular meadow, by which council has right to provide sufficient and effective working condition for the purpose to secure health and safety of workers by adopting various means of guidelines, improvements in working environment (Single European Act 1986 specifies this particular provision). Enormous scope has developed by this regulations that determines the policy of health and safety which is originated by the European Union that enable to protect minimum standards to secure welfare of employees. After the enforcement of the Single European Act in the year 1986 directed towards the modern impulsion of securing health and security steps has adopted by the board of this committee. In treaty of EEC, under the new Article 118A EEC there is an operational provision which provide instrument to deal with health and safety at work very first time. By this Article Ministry can emphasize upon the guidelines that determine to secure health and security at work. Under Article 118A now Article 153(2) TFEU presents what are the minimum standard securing health and safety at work. On behalf of this principle, standard of protection has been lifted by the Member States form the minimum standards. Therefore on behalf of this strategy Member states may not able to introduce inflexible measures for the purpose to secure favour of employees in terms of health and safety. Development of Laws: Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 Health and safety at Work Act that covers occupational health and safety in the UK. Broad obligations enforced by this Act for protecting health and safety measures of employees and of others such as producers, suppliers and etc. The prior responsibilities of employers: For all their employees provide health and safety measures and well being of employees. Development of written policy declaration that is able to clarify how they can plane their future actions. Consultation between unions and reps. Secure the favour of other linked company and contractors. Duty and responsibilities of employees Make sure that you are not working at risk and secure others from this situation. Cooperation is must with arrangements which are developed by employers for the purpose to protect safety and health. Supplementary health and safety responsibilities follow by the manager or supervisors. Where you are working, at this place make sure that your employer is able to provide sufficient safety and security measures without failing susceptible. Furthermore effective support can be share with rep of Health and Safety. Safety Representatives and safety Committees Regulation 1977: Under these regulations, in exception this context demands the 1974 Act means the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974: (1) In these Regulations, except the context otherwise requires The 1974 Act means the Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974; Employment Protection Act 1975 is represented by Act of 1975: section 53(1) of the 1974 Act is able to present the meaning of employees and accordingly an employer is able to interpret it: trade union which is recognized: In the section 30(1) of the Trade Union and Labour Relation Act 1974 has describe about an independent trade union. In the section 29(1) of the Act, that is able to represent the concern of employers in terms of negotiations that related with more than one negotiations and its purposes is for those people who are employed by him, there were some recommendations that have been placed by the services of pacification and adjudication and all above comes under Employment Protection Act. Under the section 15 of this Act: particular person which is appointed by an employer for the purpose to ensure safety regulations under Regulation 3(1), he or she is re-preventative of safety: under section 53(1) of the 1974 Act it is clear that all those aspects comes under welfare at work those are utilize for the purpose to ensure health and safety measures on work to promote welfare of employees. For the purpose to provide duty and consultation require duty of an employer: According to the section 2(6) of the Health and Safety Act 1974, this is the responsibility of an employer to appoint a safety representative for the purpose to ensure: Factors those are able to put impact upon employees and all related with health and safety measures and take of that has taken by the safety representative. Under the regulation 6(1) and 7(1)(b) of the Management of Health and Safety on Work Regulation 1992, it is clear that safety representative will arrange a person to ensure safety and health measures. Under this Act there is a provision available and that clarifies that a representative is that person who is responsible to provide required information related with measures of health and safety to employees. Under the specified provision of this Act it is clear that safety representative is responsible to provide suitable training to employees. Under this Act this is the responsibility of safety representative is to provide adequate introduction about the technology. (2) Under the section 2(4) of the 1974 Act, a safety representative is require to execute further functions of an organization and that must be appointed by an employer. (a) This particular regulation has came into existence under the Management of Health and Safety at Work 1992, currently Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulation 1999 has taken place of previous one. (b) Now it is agreement with 7(1) and 8(1) of the Management of the Health and Safety at Work Regulation 1999 on other hand Article 13(3)(b) of the Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005. The Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992 Extensive range of basic health, welfare issues and safety measures comes under the Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulation 1992 and all are enforceable on every aspects of working field under construction developing site related with underground mine or work on shipping fields and are far from these regulation. Modification regarding this regulation has been laid down on behalf of the Quarries Regulations 1999, all above mentioned sites which are far from the Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992 comes under different regulation such as: the Health and Safety (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulation 2002, working on Height Regulation 2005 and another is the construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2007. On behalf of above different and important regulations we can say that all are emphasize upon effective regulations on working site or work place. Duty of employers or requirement under these regulations: Under section 2 of the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 clearly outline the duty and obligations of employers towards employees in terms of providing safety and health protection and by promoting wellbeing on work. People are responsible for other people or employees who are working in their sites and it is clarify under section 4 of the Act that it is the duty of people who own that particular site or premises. On behalf of this regulation duties of employers enlarge for the purpose to secure health and safety measures on particular working location and by this way this regulation is also able to provide sufficient facilities for maximizing wellbeing of employees on particular working location. People who are disabled or not able to do work with common employees but by this regulation they are enable to get benefits of proper health and safety measures and requirement of welfare. According to the Regulation 2(3), it is certifying that every employee is able to get benefits of that and it is suitable for all people, who works in particular working environment. Under this regulation it is mentioned that basic requirements for people who are disabled and all these facilities includes availability of passageways, stairs, wash-handbasin, shower, lavatories and workstations. Workplace This regulation is applicable for all type of workplace that included production space, offices, shops, medical institutions, hotels and entertainment spaces and many more. On other hand workplace are also included buildings in sharing, roads which are private, industrial paths ways, IT parks and business parks. The meaning of work is an employee or a person who is able to find self- employed. The meaning of premises of a place is that one, which is outdoor. Safety, wellbeing of employees, health on place of work: managers who are available for short direction. Premises which are domestic: place where private development is going on. Domestic premises are far from this regulation. Hotels, nursing homes, work environment and its parts where employment is available for staff and there all these regulations are applicable. Employer is liable only for his premises over which he has real control but that does not absolve him from the duty for ensuring for a safe system of work on the another premises. Person who is disabled: the meaning of disabled person is specified under section 1 of the Disability Discrimination Act 1995. All above laws and regulations are able to define how duties and responsibilities are changing from past industrial situation to modern industrial environment Therefore according to the Health and Safety management what are the responsibilities of employer towards employs? Here all health and safety measures are available for the purpose to maximize the control upon responsibilities by employer and direct towards improvement by which employees can enhance their health and safety measures. Leadership of health and safety: if top management is active then it is sure that effective performance of health and safety can be establish there. For this purpose people who are available to provide health and safety measures training, ensure that all are properly aware about this particular procedure. Policy of health and safety: for the purpose to establish effective measure of health and safety and for further improvement, this is the responsibility of an employer to direct strong and effective policy of health and safety. Assessment of risk: it is most important responsibility of health and safety manager that regularly find available risk and make sure that solution for every kind of panic situation is available and always try to maintain sufficient working environment where any new hazard situation should not be happen. Find sufficient resources for health and safety: try to develop resources those are able to secure positive performance of health and safety. Make availability of staff for training purpose: for the purpose deal with uncertain situation and for future development of performance of health and safety, there should proper recruitment of training staff. Therefore employer always install new people for training purpose: Recruitment of new staff Join people with additional responsibilities at work. New and dynamic staff that are near to situation of accidents. Representatives of health and safety. Consultation with staff: for the purpose to secure measures of health and safety, consultation between employs and employer is require. It means that provide proper direction and guidance to employs. For this purpose there should be preparation of checklist to ensure employs are in right direction means towards proper health and safety measures. For this employer must execute reps and health and safety managers. These reps and managers are always available for to give conclusion and decisions regarding this concerns. All these measure of health and safety comes under directed Laws and regulations, thus all above measures should follow and apply all these measures of health and safety for the purpose to ensure favour of employees. There are two ways available by which a person is able to get satisfaction in his or her life but in other situation means if these two domains are situated with a person that will be the cause of stressful experience in life. Because of globalization economy of every nation is changing dramatically and able to generate new sources of jobs in terms of full time, part time and as self employed. Due to this changed environment of an economy, structure of work has also changed. In other manner we can say that due to increase in work load and changing pattern of work is the cause of stress and disorder. Means if employees are not able to meet with required performance on job it clearly shows the job insecurity that is also causing of disturbance in mental health. So it clearly indicates that increasing work pressure is related with increasing stress and disorder. There is negative impact upon employees mental health, performance at work and physical situation of employees and it is not e nough because of that personal and family life is also suffered and later prospective for liability of employer. Because of the psychological disturbance an employee face lots of problems such as addicted to alcohol and negative physical symptoms. According to health and safety executive, the management standards include the variables that controls and manages the issues related to the stress at work. The management standards do cover the following causes that are related to the stress at work. They include: Demands: the demand includes the work load, the shifts and work patterns and the environment at the workplace. Control: it includes the authorities that the people have at work. Support: it is the positive variable that includes the motivation power to encourage the worker that is given by the organisation, for example it includes the incentives that the worker is given by the organisation when worker does something good for the organisation. Relationships: it provides the positive working environment to avoid the growth of any kind of conflicts in the organisation that affect the work conditions and work environment at the work place. It also controls any kind of unacceptable behaviour in the work place. Role: it includes the behaviour that the organisation should ignore having any conflicting roles and therefore not to have any conflicting roles, the worker should understand their role in the organisation. Change: the change required from large to small or from small to large, how these organisations are managed and how the communication travels successfully in the organisation. The management standard does work in step by step process which involves the assessments in relation to the risks that are involved in an organisation. The surveys and questionnaires are used to assess the various psychological variables. The assessments done to overcome the risk involved that is related to the work stress includes and involves 1). To identify the characteristics that is related to the stress at the work, 2). Help the employers to stress upon the causes that are related to the stress at work and how to prevent such stressors at the work place. According to Parkes (1998), it talks about the stress and other psychological factors affecting the health of the workers. The study compares the onshore and offshore people and offshore workers experience more level of anxiety, sleeping disorders and more work pressure than onshore workers. The study also emphasised the importance of the fact that work conditions, work areas, organisations differences in relation to the set up and also subjective differences like age and personality do play an important role in health and safety issues and also the health behaviour in achieving the health and safety. The study also laid importance on the need to have more research in the area of offshore workers and also the need is required to have the prospective studies. According to health and safety at work place (2000), the research done to provide the incentives according to the rules of the legislation, the economic incentives should be given in to every sector but sometimes it is not much enough to motivate the employers and to encourage them for improving upon the health and safety measures at the work place. The principles that applied to the labour protection includes: 1) to see and supervise the work environment on the basis of the work load, 2). Provide protection and to provide health and safety against any kind of danger, 3). Provision of the emergency aid and to have first aid kit in the organisation, 4) the training and the information should be given to the employees before the new employer starts up the work. Stansfeld et al., (2003) did a study on the anxiety and depressive disorder on the basis of clinical interview schedule revised (CIS-R) was one of the disorder that was found among men and women but in most of the cases, it is found more among the women. It is an most occurring type of neurotic disorder under various occupations such as textile industry, garments, security type of occupations and out of which generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) found to be more prevalent. Therefore it is already defined by the health and safety authorities of European states that major risk is located with working in stressful situation that is also located with handlings of manual, some changes in working structure of an organization and employs that are young and risk factor is more with them. New risk was also identified in the seminar which was held in last year that risk is also situated with health and safety at work. This issue has also discussed in European parliament that number of risks are associated with health and safety of employs because of stress and disorder and solutions of that, it has discussed in The quality of Work seminar, held in Bilbao in April 2001 and this seminar was organized by Agency of the Swedish Presidency and the European Agency for safety and Health at Work. Now it Social is clearly indicated by the European Parliament and the European Economic and Committee that all issues are related with wider attention require regarding this con cern. In reality stress is related with mould of emotional, cognitive , physiological reactions and behavioural reactions as well and on behalf of that employs are not able to manage daily life included working life as well as personal life. Even because of that working atmosphere is also disturbed. Thus the commission is also worried regarding this concern and continuously working with number of organization such as European Union trends, priorities towards nation and for some another alternatives which have been defined by the institutions of EU. For the purpose to find solution of this risk and concerns commission is trying to find different alternative ways to resolve it or to minimize it. Therefore regarding this concern there is procedure to develop a strategy which is going on to minimize the risk of stress on work is going on and Commission is also working with guidance of the European Social Agenda and which was authorized by the Nice European Council in the year 2000 and this strategy will be based on how organizations can manage their employees in stressful situation. Regarding this concern the main thing is to find appropriate solution of that and try to find new risks which are associated with that. Regarding this concern Commission has already archived some sort of success to find alternatives to minimize stress on working environment which has been in the year 2000 the comprehensive document guidance on work related with stress. On behalf of this guidance organization and employees are able to do job in right direction. And by this way guidance is also available to find problems and solutions and reasons of stress. It has developed a proper and flexible way by which an action can be taken immediately. And also organizations which are working on national level are also handling the situation according to this guidance. The main motive of this step is to take prior prevention not to find suitable solution for that. On behalf of this step which has taken by the Commission and also new developments and initiatives has been discovered by them. Pressure of stress has been consider major concern because of the announcement of the long terms strategy investment in high quality jobs and standards of living and that step has been taken in the year 2001. Later some developments has been made in that directions, in the year 2002, the task has been given by the European Commission to the European Agency and that task was related with safety and health at work and that task knows as the European Week and that is related with stress that is related with work. Under this step it is assured by the European Commission that prevention can be taken in further development. In this task stakeholders from all around the work has been participated in that task. And later new community strategy on health and safety has been set up for the purpose to give new directions regarding this field. Stress on work considers as non-trivial and it is rework attitude of the people and due to that quality of life and health injuries can be faced by employees. Working in stress full situation has been seen as major issue in European Union and we can say that it has become a challenge in front of the member states of EU. But the main concern of the Commission is to enhance the life of employees in terms of providing safe working environment and also built strong image of an organization in terms of providing sufficient quality measures. A survey which has done by the Foundation of Europe 1996 and 2000 and this survey is related with working conditions, it has presented that 28% of the total employees filled complaint against problems those are cause of developing stress full situation and later by musculoskeletal it has presented that this data is nearly 30% and 33% respectively. According to the Cox et al, 2000 stated that somewhere around 50 to 60% employees walk out from their jobs because of stress problems. Because of that company or an organization has to face major problems in terms of human suffering and decreasing performance of economic conditions. Low morale of workers, turnover of labour, increasing absenteeism, walkout from jobs is the cause of increasing mental and physical health. Performance of employees is also related with mental and physical situation of workers. All around the world, situation is related with stress and disorder that is faced by employees and because of the different situation or increasing work load this has become broad issue and also it have been visualize by the media and socially governing bodies. Therefore for the purpose to secure the favour of employees in terms of health, safety and then on behalf of all these, the above measures are performed in an organization. Conclusion: From post-industrial environment to modern business environment, European Union and their member states has introduced various laws and regulations for the purpose to define responsibility of employers in terms of securing health and safety measures in an organization. First time, The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 was introduced by the EU and that law clearly defines role and responsibilities of employers towards employees.This Act has introduced to ensure five main objectives and those are already discussed in above section of this report. Later for the purpose to ensure development into existed working environment, further developments have been made in terms of modification of previous acts and laws. Later Safety Representative and Safety Committees Regulation 1977 have been introduced in terms modification of previous act. Then, The Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992 was enacted by member states of European Union.Interpretation of all above mentioned act s are able to define what are the duty and responsibilities of employer towards protecting favour of their employs in terms of ensuring health and safety measures and also to protect health of an organization in positive manner. Management of stress and mental distress depends upon effectiveness of policies which has developed by an organization itself, by providing training to line managers and through close relation between employees and health practitioners. Rising mental distress in an organization and disgrace which is attached to it therefore all comes under economic environment. For the purpose to ensure health and safety measures and stress level in an organization, only line manager is not involved in that process. Thus it shows coordination among each and every department in an organization. Simply it shows that if employer, line managers, reps, HR and health practitioners are able to work together in one roof in difficult economic environment and by this way employees will definitely be able to get support from their superiors to manage stress and mental disturbances. Therefore we can say that on behalf of these preventive measures, operation of an organization will be able to run smoothly. In an organization the support of line manger is available to manage stress level for the purpose to prevent negative impact upon employees but it is not sufficient with this support, employer guidance and support is required to protect favour of employs in terms of ensuring mental distress.